To clarify scale effects should be a main focus. The modelling techniques need to be improved by comparing the results from model tests with data obtained from full-scale structures. Although modelling techniques have improved considerably, there are still limitations on model tests because of facility size and the requirements for model ice to have low strength and brittle properties. Ice modelling:В Ice modelling is used for testing the performance of icebreakers, determining the forces on an offshore structure, studying the effectiveness of hydraulic structures, etc. Study of structure's interaction with a pressure ridge should also receive emphasis. Non-simultaneous crushing of ice at high indentation rates is caused by a combination of ductile and brittle failure, and the understanding of this process is far from complete. There is a need to investigate the ice failure process in bending, crushing, fracture and buckling. Ice forces on structures:В These forces depend on the mechanical strength of ice and the processes leading to its failure. Thermal regime:В The great variety of complex phenomena that depend on thermodynamic processes need to be understood, because the thermal regimes of rivers, lakes and seas control the growth of ice and its properties. River, lake and reservoir ice hydraulics:В Important topics to be investigated include the freeze-up process, especially the development of different types of ice runs and covers starting from frazil ice formation the hydraulic and ecological effects of frazil and anchor ice river ice break-up, with emphases on the dynamics of ice cover interaction with river flow and the effects of basin runoff the dynamics of surface and undercover ice runs and jam formation the blockage of water intakes and fish hatcheries, which impedes the continuous flow of water the impacts of ice on sediment transport, water quality, and river and lake morphology and methods of ice control and mitigation. This kind of co-operation should be maintained and promoted, and the importance of basic research should be recognised. Active co-operation exists between the research community and industry in ice hydraulic engineering. The research should aid in the solution of ice related problems affecting strong economic and environmental interests, such as hydropower production, navigation in ice-infested waters, water transfer in cold regions, mitigation of ice-jam floods, effects of ice on hydraulic structures, and exploitation of petroleum and other natural resources in polar regions. Research topics include: (1) the formation and evolution of various types of ice (2) the movement and accumulation of ice in surface waters and around structures (3) the interaction between flow and ice cover (4) the effects of ice on the environment and ecology (5) methods of ice control and use (6) the mechanical physical properties of ice and (7) mathematical and physical modelling of ice engineering problems. Research and engineering efforts are mainly directed toward a better understanding of ice and how best to manage it. In countries having a moderately cold climate, the existence of ice is limited to short periods of a few weeks per year, but unexpected winter conditions can cause severe ice-related problems, such as interruption of navigation, ice-jam induced floods, ice damage to bridges, coastal structures, hydropower plants and other hydraulic structures, ice blockage of water intakes, etc. Regionally, a cold climate and the formation of ice on water bodies strongly affect human activities in countries located at the higher latitudes of both hemispheres. Possible global warming will affect these massive ice sheets, resulting in a global change of the sea level. About 77% of the fresh water of the world is stored in glaciers and massive ice sheets, mostly in Antarctica and Greenland. Ice engineering deals with ice formation, ice movement, the thermal regimes of rivers, lakes and seas, and the development of methods to alleviate the harmful effects of ice. So, a major goal of ice engineering is to protect life and property against the harmful effects of ice by understanding ice phenomena and processes.

At times, however, mishaps during these activities have resulted in loss of life. On the positive side, stable ice covers have extensively been used for transportation, recreational activities, landing of aircraft and working platforms, and also ice is a source of clear drinking water. Some of the problems caused by ice are floods induced by ice jams, clogging of water intakes and trash racks by frazil ice, severe impediment to winter navigation, and damage to coastal and offshore structures by moving ice.

In cold regions, the effects of ice on human activities can be either harmful or beneficial. 26th IAHR International Symposium on Ice, 2022, Montreal, Canada.

Eis engineering